Disease: Circumcision: The Surgical Procedure

    Circumcision facts

    • Newborn circumcision is a generally safe procedure if it is done under proper circumstances.
    • Circumcision should be done by a trained, experienced practitioner.
    • Circumcision should not be done if an infant is sick or in unstable health.
    • A premature infant should not have circumcision until the baby meets the criteria to be discharged from the hospital.
    • Infants with genital anomalies (including hypospadias) should not be circumcised.
    • Babies with a family history of bleeding should not be circumcised until tests are done to make sure the child does not have a bleeding problem.
    • Local analgesia should be given to reduce the pain associated with the procedure.
    • Care of the infant after circumcision is simple and generally well tolerated.

    What is a circumcision?

    A circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin (the loose tissue) covering the glans (rounded tip) of the penis. Circumcision may be performed for religious or cultural reasons, or for health reasons. Newborn circumcision is thought to diminish the risk for cancer of the penis and lower the risk for cancer of the cervix in sexual partners. It is also believed to decrease the risk of urinary tract infections in infants and lower the risk of certain sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV.

    Is a circumcision safe?

    Circumcision is generally a safe surgical procedure if the following conditions are met:

    • The circumcision is performed carefully, using strict aseptic (sterile) technique;
    • the circumcision is performed by a trained, experienced practitioner;
    • the circumcision is performed only on a healthy, stable infant; and
    • there is no medical reason not to have circumcision performed (see below).

    How is a circumcision done?

    The circumcision may be performed using surgical clamp techniques or with a special disposable plastic device called a Plastibell. The results are equally good.

    What should one expect after a circumcision?

    Following completion of the circumcision, the practitioner may apply gauze impregnated with petroleum jelly. You should follow any instructions regarding the care of the infant given to you by the practitioner, and these might include the following:

    • Generally it is recommended that the area be cleaned several times a day with warm water.
    • At each diaper change, you can apply a small amount of unscented petroleum jelly, or your doctor might recommend application of an antibiotic ointment as well. Petroleum jelly should not be used on a Plastibell unless directed to by your physician.
    • It may take up to seven to 10 days for the incision scab to slough off.
    • After the scab falls off, no further care is required except for normal hygiene.
    • At the first well-baby visit following hospital discharge, the penis should be carefully examined by the doctor and the parents given more information concerning further care.

    Is a circumcision painful for a baby?

    Newborns who have a circumcision without analgesia (for pain relief) respond in ways that strongly suggest that they do feel pain and experience stress. They show changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, as well as changes in cortisol levels and behavioral changes. The behavioral changes include crying at the time as well as changes in sleep patterns and mother-child interactions that are temporary and disappear within 24 hours of the procedure.

    How can the pain be reduced?

    Analgesia has been found to be safe and effective in reducing the pain associated with circumcision and should be provided if the procedure is performed. Analgesic methods include EMLA cream (a topical mixture of local anesthetics), the dorsal penile nerve block, and the subcutaneous ring block.

    Learn more about: EMLA

    What are the contraindications to circumcision (the reasons against doing it)?

    Unstable or sick infant: Circumcision is contraindicated if the baby is unstable or sick. Circumcision is elective surgery and, as with other medically elective procedures, it should be delayed until the baby is well. Signs of stability include normal feeding, waste elimination, and maintenance of normal body temperature without an incubator or radiant warmer.

    A period of observation after the infant's birth may allow for recognition of abnormalities or illnesses (for example, serious jaundice, infection, or manifest bleeding disorder) that should be addressed before this elective surgery.

    Prematurity: It is usually best to wait until a premature infant meets the criteria for discharge from the hospital before performing circumcision.

    Genital anomalies: Infants born with genital anomalies (including one called hypospadias) should not be circumcised. The foreskin may be needed for the surgical correction of the anomalies.

    Bleeding problems: Whenever there is a family history of bleeding disorders, appropriate laboratory studies should be performed to make certain the baby himself has not inherited the bleeding disorder.

    Is a circumcision painful for a baby?

    Newborns who have a circumcision without analgesia (for pain relief) respond in ways that strongly suggest that they do feel pain and experience stress. They show changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, as well as changes in cortisol levels and behavioral changes. The behavioral changes include crying at the time as well as changes in sleep patterns and mother-child interactions that are temporary and disappear within 24 hours of the procedure.

    How can the pain be reduced?

    Analgesia has been found to be safe and effective in reducing the pain associated with circumcision and should be provided if the procedure is performed. Analgesic methods include EMLA cream (a topical mixture of local anesthetics), the dorsal penile nerve block, and the subcutaneous ring block.

    Learn more about: EMLA

    What are the contraindications to circumcision (the reasons against doing it)?

    Unstable or sick infant: Circumcision is contraindicated if the baby is unstable or sick. Circumcision is elective surgery and, as with other medically elective procedures, it should be delayed until the baby is well. Signs of stability include normal feeding, waste elimination, and maintenance of normal body temperature without an incubator or radiant warmer.

    A period of observation after the infant's birth may allow for recognition of abnormalities or illnesses (for example, serious jaundice, infection, or manifest bleeding disorder) that should be addressed before this elective surgery.

    Prematurity: It is usually best to wait until a premature infant meets the criteria for discharge from the hospital before performing circumcision.

    Genital anomalies: Infants born with genital anomalies (including one called hypospadias) should not be circumcised. The foreskin may be needed for the surgical correction of the anomalies.

    Bleeding problems: Whenever there is a family history of bleeding disorders, appropriate laboratory studies should be performed to make certain the baby himself has not inherited the bleeding disorder.

    Source: http://www.rxlist.com

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